hdu1043【八数码】【A*】

Eight

Time Limit: 10000/5000 MS (java/Others) Memory Limit: 65536/32768 K (Java/Others) Total Submission(s): 22196 Accepted Submission(s): 5961 Special Judge

PRoblem Description The 15-puzzle has been around for over 100 years; even if you don’t know it by that name, you’ve seen it. It is constructed with 15 sliding tiles, each with a number from 1 to 15 on it, and all packed into a 4 by 4 frame with one tile missing. Let’s call the missing tile ‘x’; the object of the puzzle is to arrange the tiles so that they are ordered as:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 x

where the only legal Operation is to exchange ‘x’ with one of the tiles with which it shares an edge. As an example, the following sequence of moves solves a slightly scrambled puzzle:

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 5 6 7 8 5 6 7 8 5 6 7 8 9 x 10 12 9 10 x 12 9 10 11 12 9 10 11 12 13 14 11 15 13 14 11 15 13 14 x 15 13 14 15 x r-> d-> r->

The letters in the previous row indicate which neighbor of the ‘x’ tile is swapped with the ‘x’ tile at each step; legal values are ‘r’,’l’,’u’ and ‘d’, for right, left, up, and down, respectively.

Not all puzzles can be solved; in 1870, a man named Sam Loyd was famous for distributing an unsolvable version of the puzzle, and frustrating many people. In fact, all you have to do to make a regular puzzle into an unsolvable one is to swap two tiles (not counting the missing ‘x’ tile, of course).

In this problem, you will write a program for solving the less well-known 8-puzzle, composed of tiles on a three by three arrangement.

Input You will receive, several descriptions of configuration of the 8 puzzle. One description is just a list of the tiles in their initial positions, with the rows listed from top to bottom, and the tiles listed from left to right within a row, where the tiles are represented by numbers 1 to 8, plus ‘x’. For example, this puzzle

1 2 3 x 4 6 7 5 8

is described by this list:

1 2 3 x 4 6 7 5 8

Output You will print to standard output either the Word “unsolvable”, if the puzzle has no solution, or a string consisting entirely of the letters ‘r’, ‘l’, ‘u’ and ‘d’ that describes a series of moves that produce a solution. The string should include no spaces and start at the beginning of the line. Do not print a blank line between cases.

Sample Input 2 3 4 1 5 x 7 6 8

Sample Output ullddrurdllurdruldr

第一个A*搜索，A*是一种启发式搜索，g为已花代价，h为估计的剩余代价，而A*是根据f=g+h作为估价函数进行排列，也就是优先选择可能最优的节点进行扩展。

对于八数码问题，以下几个问题需要知道 判断有无解问题：根据逆序数直接判断有无解，对于一个八数码，依次排列之后，每次是将空位和相邻位进行调换，研究后会发现，每次调换，逆序数增幅都为偶数，也就是不改变奇偶性，所以只需要根据初始和目标状态的逆序数正负判断即可。

Hash问题：根据的是康托展开，点击查看康托展开介绍 估价函数： 是根据与目标解的曼哈顿距离，也就是每个数字与目标位置的曼哈顿距离之和。

代码：