字典的使用
字典有很多好用的地方。字典每个元素都有键和值。如同现代汉语字典中的拼音和对应的文字。字典中的键是唯一的,而值不一定唯一。你看,和现代汉语字典多么的相似。
经典字典使用函数
dict:通过其他映射(比如其他字典)或者(键,值)这样的序列对建立字典。当然dict成为函数不是十分确切,它本质是一种类型。如同list。items=[('name','zhang'),('age',42)]d=dict(items)d['name']
简单的电话本示例:
# A simple database# A dictionary with person names as keys. Each person is rePResented as# another dictionary with the keys 'phone' and 'addr' referring to their phone# number and address, respectively.people = { 'Alice': { 'phone': '2341', 'addr': 'Foo drive 23' }, 'Beth': { 'phone': '9102', 'addr': 'Bar street 42' }, 'Cecil': { 'phone': '3158', 'addr': 'Baz avenue 90' }}# Descriptive labels for the phone number and address. These will be used# when printing the output.labels = { 'phone': 'phone number', 'addr': 'address'}name = raw_input('Name: ')# Are we looking for a phone number or an address?request = raw_input('Phone number (p) or address (a)? ')# Use the correct key:if request == 'p': key = 'phone'if request == 'a': key = 'addr'# Only try to print information if the name is a valid key in# our dictionary:if name in people: print "%s's %s is %s." % / (name, labels[key], people[name][key])
x.clear()
y=x.copy()
from copy import deepcopyd={}d['names']=['as','sa']c=d.copy()dc=deepcopy(d)d['names'].append('ad')
fromkeys:给指定的键建立新的字典,每个键默认对应的值为none.
{}.fromkeys(['name','age'])
get:更为宽松的访问字典项的方法。d.get('name')
# A simple database using get()# Insert database (people) from Listing 4-1 here.labels = { 'phone': 'phone number', 'addr': 'address'}name = raw_input('Name: ')# Are we looking for a phone number or an address?request = raw_input('Phone number (p) or address (a)? ')# Use the correct key:key = request # In case the request is neither 'p' nor 'a'if request == 'p': key = 'phone'if request == 'a': key = 'addr'# Use get to provide default values:person = people.get(name, {})label = labels.get(key, key)result = person.get(key, 'not available')print "%s's %s is %s." % (name, label, result)
has_key:检查字典中是否含有给定的键。d.haos_key()。值返回True ,False。
items:将所有字典项目一列表方式返回。
iteritems:方法大致相同,但是会返回一个迭代器而不是列表。
keys:将字典中的键以列表的方式返回。(注意区分和items的区别)
iterkeys:返回针对键的迭代器。
pop:获得对应给定键的值,然后将键-值对删除。
popitem:弹出一个随机的项,
setdefault:既能获得与给定键相关的值,又能在字典中不含有该键的情况下设定相应的键值。
update:用一个字典更新另一个字典。
d={'1':'d','2':'s','3':'a'}x={'1','jk'}d.update(x)
values:以列表的形式返回字典中的值。
itervalues:返回值得迭代器。
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