SDWebImage是一个开源的iOS第三方库,主要用于下载并缓存网络图片,在我的博文iOS网络资源缓存ZCLURLCache·上篇提到过SDWebImage。它提供了UIImageView
、MKAnnotationView
、UIButton
的categories(分类),支持网络图片的加载与缓存,其中UIImageView
应该是使用最广泛的。
本文从源码的角度讨论SDWebImage的下载和缓存的实现。
在SDWebImage的使用例子中,给UIImageView
设置图片的代码是:
[cell.imageView sd_setImageWithURL:[NSURL URLWithString:[_objects objectAtIndex:indexPath.row]] placeholderImage:[UIImage imageNamed:@"placeholder"] options:indexPath.row == 0 ? SDWebImageRefreshCached : 0];
可以看出,SDWebImage的使用非常简单,只用这一行代码,就可实现网络图片的加载与缓存。在这行代码的背后,会执行下列操作:
UIImageView+WebCache
categories会从管理类SDWebImageManager
找图片,并刷新UIImageView
。SDWebImageManager
向从缓存类SDImageCache
找URL对应的图片缓存,如果没找到,起用SDWebImageDownloader
下载图片。SDImageCache
会先在内存NSCache
中找图片,如果内存中没有,就在磁盘上找,在磁盘上找到了,把图片放入内存。SDWebImageDownloader
会创建一个SDWebImageDownloaderOperation
操作队列下载图片,下载完后缓存在内存和磁盘上(可选)。SDWebImageDownloaderOperation
操作队列使用NSURLConnection
在后台发起请求,下载图片,反馈进度和下载结果。源码中有几个关键的类,分别是:
SDImageCache
,缓存类,在内存和磁盘上缓存图片,并对图片编码。SDWebImageDownloader
,下载管理类,下载图片。SDWebImageDownloaderOperation
,下载操作队列,继承自NSOperation
,在后台发起HTTP请求并下载图片。SDWebImageManager
,管理类,协调缓存类与下载类。SDImageCache
实现了图片的缓存机制,使用NSCache
作为内存缓存,默认以com.hackemist.SDWebImageCache.default
为磁盘的缓存命名空间,程序运行后,可以在应用程序的文件夹Library/Caches/default/com.hackemist.SDWebImageCache.default
下看到一些缓存文件。当然,也可以指定其它命名空间初始化:
- (id)initWithNamespace:(NSString *)ns diskCacheDirectory:(NSString *)directory{ if ((self = [super init])) { NSString *fullNamespace = [@"com.hackemist.SDWebImageCache." stringByAppendingString:ns]; // initialise PNG signature data kPNGSignatureData = [NSData dataWithBytes:kPNGSignatureBytes length:8]; // Create IO serial queue _ioQueue = dispatch_queue_create("com.hackemist.SDWebImageCache", DISPATCH_QUEUE_SERIAL); // Init default values _maxCacheAge = kDefaultCacheMaxCacheAge; // Init the memory cache _memCache = [[AutoPurgeCache alloc] init]; _memCache.name = fullNamespace; // Init the disk cache if (directory != nil) { _diskCachePath = [directory stringByAppendingPathComponent:fullNamespace]; } else { NSString *path = [self makeDiskCachePath:ns]; _diskCachePath = path; } // Set decomPRession to YES _shouldDecompressImages = YES; // memory cache enabled _shouldCacheImagesInMemory = YES; // Disable iCloud _shouldDisableiCloud = YES; dispatch_sync(_ioQueue, ^{ _fileManager = [NSFileManager new]; });#if TARGET_OS_ipHONE // Subscribe to app events [[NSNotificationCenter defaultCenter] addObserver:self selector:@selector(clearMemory) name:UIapplicationDidReceiveMemoryWarningNotification object:nil]; [[NSNotificationCenter defaultCenter] addObserver:self selector:@selector(cleanDisk) name:UIApplicationWillTerminateNotification object:nil]; [[NSNotificationCenter defaultCenter] addObserver:self selector:@selector(backgroundCleanDisk) name:UIApplicationDidEnterBackgroundNotification object:nil];#endif } return self;}
SDImageCache
会在系统发出低内存警告时释放内存,并且在程序进入UIApplicationWillTerminateNotification
时,清理磁盘缓存,清理磁盘的机制是:
maxCacheAge
修改过期天数。maxCacheSize
,则继续删除缓存,优先删除最老的图片,可以通过修改maxCacheSize
来改变最大缓存大小。- (NSOperation *)queryDiskCacheForKey:(NSString *)key done:(SDWebImageQueryCompletedBlock)doneBlock{ if (!doneBlock){ return nil; } if (!key){ doneBlock(nil, SDImageCacheTypeNone); return nil; } // First check the in-memory cache... UIImage *image = [self imageFromMemoryCacheForKey:key]; if (image){ doneBlock(image, SDImageCacheTypeMemory); return nil; } NSOperation *operation = [NSOperation new]; dispatch_async(self.ioQueue, ^{ if (operation.isCancelled){ return; } @autoreleasepool { UIImage *diskImage = [self diskImageForKey:key]; if (diskImage && self.shouldCacheImagesInMemory){ NSUInteger cost = SDCacheCostForImage(diskImage); [self.memCache setObject:diskImage forKey:key cost:cost]; } dispatch_async(dispatch_get_main_queue(), ^{ doneBlock(diskImage, SDImageCacheTypeDisk); }); } }); return operation;}
传人的Block定义是:
typedef void(^SDWebImageQueryCompletedBlock)(UIImage *image, SDImageCacheType cacheType);
先从内存中取图片,内存中没有的时候再从磁盘中取,通过Block返回取到的图片和获取图片的方式,SDImageCacheType
的定义如下:
typedef NS_ENUM(NSInteger, SDImageCacheType){ /** * The image wasn't available the SDWebImage caches, but was downloaded from the web. */ SDImageCacheTypeNone, /** * The image was obtained from the disk cache. */ SDImageCacheTypeDisk, /** * The image was obtained from the memory cache. */ SDImageCacheTypeMemory};
当然,也可能磁盘也没有缓存,此时doneBlock
中的diskImage
的值时nil
,处理方式doneBlock
将在SDWebImageManager
讲到。
- (void)storeImage:(UIImage *)image recalculateFromImage:(BOOL)recalculate imageData:(NSData *)imageData forKey:(NSString *)key toDisk:(BOOL)toDisk{ if (!image || !key){ return; } // if memory cache is enabled if (self.shouldCacheImagesInMemory) { NSUInteger cost = SDCacheCostForImage(image); [self.memCache setObject:image forKey:key cost:cost]; } if (toDisk) { dispatch_async(self.ioQueue, ^ { NSData *data = imageData; if (image && (recalculate || !data)) {#if TARGET_OS_IPHONE // We need to determine if the image is a PNG or a JPEG // PNGs are easier to detect because they have a unique signature (http://www.w3.org/TR/PNG-Structure.html) // The first eight bytes of a PNG file always contain the following (decimal) values: // 137 80 78 71 13 10 26 10 // If the imageData is nil (i.e. if trying to save a UIImage directly or the image was transformed on download) // and the image has an alpha channel, we will consider it PNG to avoid losing the transparency int alphaInfo = CGImageGetAlphaInfo(image.CGImage); BOOL hasAlpha = !(alphaInfo == kCGImageAlphaNone || alphaInfo == kCGImageAlphaNoneSkipFirst || alphaInfo == kCGImageAlphaNoneSkipLast); BOOL imageIsPng = hasAlpha; // But if we have an image data, we will look at the preffix if ([imageData length] >= [kPNGSignatureData length]){ imageIsPng = ImageDataHaspNGPreffix(imageData); } if (imageIsPng){ data = UIImagePNGRepresentation(image); } else{ data = UIImageJPEGRepresentation(image, (CGFloat)1.0); }#else data = [NSBitmapImageRep representationOfImageRepsInArray:image.representations usingType: NSJPEGFileType properties:nil];#endif } if (data){ if (![_fileManager fileExistsAtPath:_diskCachePath]){ [_fileManager createDirectoryAtPath:_diskCachePath withIntermediateDirectories:YES attributes:nil error:NULL]; } // get cache Path for image key NSString *cachePathForKey = [self defaultCachePathForKey:key]; // transform to NSUrl NSURL *fileURL = [NSURL fileURLWithPath:cachePathForKey]; [_fileManager createFileAtPath:cachePathForKey contents:data attributes:nil]; // disable iCloud backup if (self.shouldDisableiCloud){ [fileURL setResourceValue:[NSNumber numberWithBool:YES] forKey:NSURLIsExcludedFromBackupKey error:nil]; } } }); }}
如果需要存入内存,则先存入内存,toDisk
标识是否存入磁盘,为Yes
的时候,即要存入磁盘,需要先对图片编码,再存入磁盘。
SDWebImageDownloader
是下载管理类,是一个单例类,图片的下载在一个NSOperationQueue
队列中完成。
@property (strong, nonatomic) NSOperationQueue *downloadQueue;
默认情况下,队列最多并发数为6,可以通过修改maxConcurrentOperationCount
来改变最多并发数。
- (id)init{ if ((self = [super init])){ ··· _downloadQueue.maxConcurrentOperationCount = 6; ··· } return self;}- (void)setMaxConcurrentDownloads:(NSInteger)maxConcurrentDownloads { _downloadQueue.maxConcurrentOperationCount = maxConcurrentDownloads;}
下载图片的消息是:
- (id <SDWebImageOperation>)downloadImageWithURL:(NSURL *)url options:(SDWebImageDownloaderOptions)options progress:(SDWebImageDownloaderProgressBlock)progressBlock completed:(SDWebImageDownloaderCompletedBlock)completedBlock;
该方法会创建一个SDWebImageDownloaderOperation
操作队列来执行下载操作,传入的两个Block用于网络下载的回调,progressBlock
为下载进度回调,completedBlock
为下载完成回调,回调信息存储在URLCallbacks
中,为保证只有一个线程操作URLCallbacks
,SDWebImageDownloader
把这些操作放入了一个barrierQueue队列中。
_barrierQueue = dispatch_queue_create("com.hackemist.SDWebImageDownloaderBarrierQueue", DISPATCH_QUEUE_CONCURRENT);- (void)addProgressCallback:(SDWebImageDownloaderProgressBlock)progressBlock andCompletedBlock:(SDWebImageDownloaderCompletedBlock)completedBlock forURL:(NSURL *)url createCallback:(SDWebImageNoParamsBlock)createCallback{ ··· dispatch_barrier_sync(self.barrierQueue, ^{ BOOL first = NO; if (!self.URLCallbacks[url]){ self.URLCallbacks[url] = [NSMutableArray new]; first = YES; } // Handle single download of simultaneous download request for the same URL NSMutableArray *callbacksForURL = self.URLCallbacks[url]; NSMutableDictionary *callbacks = [NSMutableDictionary new]; if (progressBlock) callbacks[kProgressCallbackKey] = [progressBlock copy]; if (completedBlock) callbacks[kCompletedCallbackKey] = [completedBlock copy]; [callbacksForURL addObject:callbacks]; self.URLCallbacks[url] = callbacksForURL; if (first){ createCallback(); } });}
SDWebImageDownloader
还提供了两种下载任务调度方式(先进先出和后进先出):
typedef NS_ENUM(NSInteger, SDWebImageDownloaderExecutionOrder){ /** * Default value. All download operations will execute in queue style (first-in-first-out). */ SDWebImageDownloaderFIFOExecutionOrder, /** * All download operations will execute in stack style (last-in-first-out). */ SDWebImageDownloaderLIFOExecutionOrder};
通过修改executionOrder
可改变下载方式:
@property (assign, nonatomic) SDWebImageDownloaderExecutionOrder executionOrder;- (id <SDWebImageOperation>)downloadImageWithURL:(NSURL *)url options:(SDWebImageDownloaderOptions)options progress:(SDWebImageDownloaderProgressBlock)progressBlock completed:(SDWebImageDownloaderCompletedBlock)completedBlock{ ··· [wself.downloadQueue addOperation:operation]; if (wself.executionOrder == SDWebImageDownloaderLIFOExecutionOrder) { // Emulate LIFO execution order by systematically adding new operations as last operation's dependency [wself.lastAddedOperation addDependency:operation]; wself.lastAddedOperation = operation; } }]; ···}
SDWebImageDownloaderOperation
是下载操作队列,继承自NSOperation
,并采用了SDWebImageOperation
协议,该协议只有一个cancel
方法。只暴露了一个方法:
- (id)initWithRequest:(NSURLRequest *)request options:(SDWebImageDownloaderOptions)options progress:(SDWebImageDownloaderProgressBlock)progressBlock completed:(SDWebImageDownloaderCompletedBlock)completedBlock cancelled:(SDWebImageNoParamsBlock)cancelBlock;
该方法的progressBlock
与completedBlock
Block与SDWebImageDownloader
下载管理类对应。
SDWebImageDownloaderOperation
使用start
和done
来控制状态,而不是使用main
。图片的下载使用NSURLConnection
,在协议中接收数据并回调Block通知下载进度和下载完成。
SDWebImageManager
是一个单例管理类,负责协调图片缓存和图片下载,是对 SDImageCache
和SDWebImageDownloader
的封装。
@property (strong, nonatomic, readwrite) SDImageCache *imageCache;@property (strong, nonatomic, readwrite) SDWebImageDownloader *imageDownloader;
在一般的使用中,我们并不直接使用SDImageCache
和SDWebImageDownloader
,而是使用 SDWebImageManager
。SDWebImageManager
的核心方法是:
- (id <SDWebImageOperation>)downloadImageWithURL:(NSURL *)url options:(SDWebImageOptions)options progress:(SDWebImageDownloaderProgressBlock)progressBlock completed:(SDWebImageCompletionWithFinishedBlock)completedBlock
代码有点长,这里就不贴出来了,代码控制了图片的缓存和下载的整个流程,同样两个Block与前面的也是一一对应。
在Categories
目录下实现了多个分类,实现方式都是一致的。使用最多的是UIImageView+WebCache
,针对UIImageView
扩展了一些方法。在使用的时候调用的方法是:
objective-c - (void)sd_setImageWithURL:(NSURL *)url placeholderImage:(UIImage *)placeholder options:(SDWebImageOptions)options progress:(SDWebImageDownloaderProgressBlock)progressBlock completed:(SDWebImageCompletionBlock)completedBlock
该方法依赖于SDWebImageManager
,从SDWebImageManager
管理类中获取到图片并刷新显示,至于图片是从缓存中得到的还是从网络上下载的对UIImageView
是透明的。
其它的categories就不多说了,当然还可以创建自己的分类。
本文是我读SDWebImage的源代码的一点理解,主要集中在图片的下载和缓存,不包括WebP、GIF和图片编码的讨论。涉及到得技术有:
dispatch_main_sync_safe
、dispatch_async
、dispatch_barrier_sync
,更多请参考并发编程:API 及挑战本文讨论并不完整,更多的东西还靠以后慢慢发掘。
原文链接: http://zh.5long.me/2015/source-sdwebImage/
新闻热点
疑难解答