加锁和解锁
我们来看下ReentrantLock的基本用法
ThreadDomain35类
public class ThreadDomain35 { private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock(); public void testMethod() { try { lock.lock(); for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) { System.out.println("ThreadName = " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + ", i = " + i); } } finally { lock.unlock(); } }}线程和main方法
public class MyThread35 extends Thread { private ThreadDomain35 td; public MyThread35(ThreadDomain35 td) { this.td = td; } public void run() { td.testMethod(); } public static void main(String[] args) { ThreadDomain35 td = new ThreadDomain35(); MyThread35 mt0 = new MyThread35(td); MyThread35 mt1 = new MyThread35(td); MyThread35 mt2 = new MyThread35(td); mt0.start(); mt1.start(); mt2.start(); }}输出结果
ThreadName = Thread-2, i = 0ThreadName = Thread-2, i = 1ThreadName = Thread-0, i = 0ThreadName = Thread-0, i = 1ThreadName = Thread-1, i = 0ThreadName = Thread-1, i = 1
一个线程必须执行完才能执行下一个线程，说明ReentrantLock可以加锁。
ReentrantLock持有的对象监视器和synchronized不同
ThreadDomain37类,methodB用synchronized修饰
public class ThreadDomain37 { private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock(); public void methodA() { try { lock.lock(); System.out.println("MethodA begin ThreadName = " + Thread.currentThread().getName()); Thread.sleep(5000); System.out.println("MethodA end ThreadName = " + Thread.currentThread().getName()); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } finally { lock.unlock(); } } public synchronized void methodB() { System.out.println("MethodB begin ThreadName = " + Thread.currentThread().getName()); System.out.println("MethodB begin ThreadName = " + Thread.currentThread().getName()); }}MyThread37_0类
public class MyThread37_0 extends Thread { private ThreadDomain37 td; public MyThread37_0(ThreadDomain37 td) { this.td = td; } public void run() { td.methodA(); }}MyThread37_1类
public class MyThread37_1 extends Thread { private ThreadDomain37 td; public MyThread37_1(ThreadDomain37 td) { this.td = td; } public void run() { td.methodB(); }}MyThread37_main方法
public class MyThread37_main { public static void main(String[] args) { ThreadDomain37 td = new ThreadDomain37(); MyThread37_0 mt0 = new MyThread37_0(td); MyThread37_1 mt1 = new MyThread37_1(td); mt0.start(); mt1.start(); }}运行结果如下
MethodA begin ThreadName = Thread-0MethodB begin ThreadName = Thread-1MethodB begin ThreadName = Thread-1MethodA end ThreadName = Thread-0
加了synchronized依然是异步执行，说明ReentrantLock和synchronized持有的对象监视器不同。ReentrantLock需要手动加锁和释放锁。
Condition
基本用法
synchronized与wait()和nitofy()/notifyAll()方法可以实现等待/唤醒模型，ReentrantLock同样可以，需要借助Condition的await()和signal/signalAll()，await()释放锁。
ThreadDomain38类
public class ThreadDomain38 { private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock(); private Condition condition = lock.newCondition(); public void await() { try { lock.lock(); System.out.println("await时间为：" + System.currentTimeMillis()); condition.await(); System.out.println("await等待结束"); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } finally { lock.unlock(); } } public void signal() { try { lock.lock(); System.out.println("signal时间为：" + System.currentTimeMillis()); condition.signal(); System.out.println("signal等待结束"); } finally { lock.unlock(); } }}MyThread38类，线程和main方法
public class MyThread38 extends Thread{ private ThreadDomain38 td; public MyThread38(ThreadDomain38 td) { this.td = td; } public void run() { td.await(); } public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { ThreadDomain38 td = new ThreadDomain38(); MyThread38 mt = new MyThread38(td); mt.start(); Thread.sleep(3000); td.signal(); }}
运行结果如下
await时间为：1563505465346signal时间为：1563505468345signal等待结束await等待结束
可以看到，ReentrantLock和Condition实现了等待/通知模型。
一个Lock可以创建多个Condition;
notify()唤醒的线程是随机的，signal()可以有选择性地唤醒。
Condition选择 唤醒/等待
现在看一个利用Condition选择等待和唤醒的例子
ThreadDomain47类，定义add和sub方法
public class ThreadDomain47 { private final Lock lock = new ReentrantLock(); private final Condition addCondition = lock.newCondition(); private final Condition subCondition = lock.newCondition(); private static int num = 0; private List<String> lists = new LinkedList<String>(); public void add() { lock.lock(); try { while(lists.size() == 10) {//当集合已满,则"添加"线程等待 addCondition.await(); } num++; lists.add("add Banana" + num); System.out.println("The Lists Size is " + lists.size()); System.out.println("The Current Thread is " + "增加线程"); System.out.println("=============================="); this.subCondition.signal(); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } finally {//释放锁 lock.unlock(); } } public void sub() { lock.lock(); try { while(lists.size() == 0) {//当集合为空时,"减少"线程等待 subCondition.await(); } String str = lists.get(0); lists.remove(0); System.out.println("The Token Banana is [" + str + "]"); System.out.println("The Current Thread is " + "减少线程"); System.out.println("=============================="); num--; addCondition.signal(); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } finally { lock.unlock(); } }}MyThread40_0类，增加线程
public class MyThread40_0 implements Runnable { private ThreadDomain47 task; public MyThread40_0(ThreadDomain47 task) { this.task = task; } @Override public void run() { task.add(); }}MyThread40_1类，减少线程
public class MyThread40_1 implements Runnable { private ThreadDomain47 task; public MyThread40_1(ThreadDomain47 task) { this.task = task; } @Override public void run() { task.sub(); }}main方法，启动线程
public class MyThread40_main { public static void main(String[] args) { ThreadDomain47 task = new ThreadDomain47(); Thread t1=new Thread(new MyThread40_0(task)); Thread t3=new Thread(new MyThread40_0(task)); Thread t7=new Thread(new MyThread40_0(task)); Thread t8=new Thread(new MyThread40_0(task)); Thread t2 = new Thread(new MyThread40_1(task)); Thread t4 = new Thread(new MyThread40_1(task)); Thread t5 = new Thread(new MyThread40_1(task)); Thread t6 = new Thread(new MyThread40_1(task)); t1.start(); t2.start(); t3.start(); t4.start(); t5.start(); t6.start(); t7.start(); t8.start(); }}输出结果如下
The Lists Size is 1The Current Thread is 增加线程==============================The Lists Size is 2The Current Thread is 增加线程==============================The Token Banana is [add Banana1]The Current Thread is 减少线程==============================The Token Banana is [add Banana2]The Current Thread is 减少线程==============================The Lists Size is 1The Current Thread is 增加线程==============================The Token Banana is [add Banana1]The Current Thread is 减少线程==============================The Lists Size is 1The Current Thread is 增加线程==============================The Token Banana is [add Banana1]The Current Thread is 减少线程==============================
可以看到，lists的数量不会增加太多，也不会减少太多。当集合满，使增加线程等待，唤醒减少线程；当集合空，使减少线程等待，唤醒增加线程。我们用wait()/notify()机制无法实现该效果，这里体现了Condition的强大之处。
ReentrantLock中的方法
公平锁和非公平锁
ReentrantLock可以指定公平锁和非公平锁，公平锁根据线程运行的顺序获取锁，非公平锁则通过抢占获得锁，不按线程运行顺序。synchronized是非公平锁。在ReentrantLock(boolean fair)构造函数传入true/false来指定公平锁/非公平锁。
看个例子
ThreadDomain39类和main方法
public class ThreadDomain39 { private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock(true); public void testMethod() { try { lock.lock(); System.out.println("ThreadName" + Thread.currentThread().getName() + "获得锁"); } finally { lock.unlock(); } } public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { final ThreadDomain39 td = new ThreadDomain39(); Runnable runnable = new Runnable() { public void run() { System.out.println("线程" + Thread.currentThread().getName() + "运行了"); td.testMethod(); } }; Thread[] threads = new Thread[5]; for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) threads[i] = new Thread(runnable); for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) threads[i].start(); }}输出结果如下
线程Thread-0运行了ThreadNameThread-0获得锁线程Thread-1运行了线程Thread-2运行了ThreadNameThread-1获得锁线程Thread-3运行了线程Thread-4运行了ThreadNameThread-2获得锁ThreadNameThread-3获得锁ThreadNameThread-4获得锁
可以看到公平锁获得锁的顺序和线程运行的顺序相同。公平锁尽可能地让线程获取锁的顺序和线程运行顺序保持一致，再执行几次，可能不一致。
ReentrantLock构造函数传入false，输出结果如下：
线程Thread-0运行了线程Thread-2运行了线程Thread-4运行了线程Thread-3运行了ThreadNameThread-0获得锁线程Thread-1运行了ThreadNameThread-1获得锁ThreadNameThread-2获得锁ThreadNameThread-4获得锁ThreadNameThread-3获得锁
非公平锁获得锁的顺序和线程运行的顺序不同
getHoldCount()
获取当前线程调用lock()的次数，一般debug使用。
看个例子
public class ThreadDomain40 { private ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock(); public void testMethod1() { try { lock.lock(); System.out.println("testMethod1 getHoldCount = " + lock.getHoldCount()); testMethod2(); } finally { lock.unlock(); } } public void testMethod2() { try { lock.lock(); System.out.println("testMethod2 getHoldCount = " + lock.getHoldCount()); } finally { lock.unlock(); } } public static void main(String[] args) { ThreadDomain40 td = new ThreadDomain40(); td.testMethod1(); }}输出结果如下
testMethod1 getHoldCount = 1testMethod2 getHoldCount = 2
可以看到，testMethod1()被调用了一次，testMethod2()被调用了两次，ReentrantLock和synchronized一样，锁都是可重入的。
getQueueLength()和isFair()
getQueueLength()获取等待的线程数量，isFair()判断是否是公平锁。
ThreadDomain41类和main方法,Thread.sleep(2000)使第一个线程之后的线程都来不及启动，Thread.sleep(Integer.MAX_VALUE)使线程无法unlock()。
public class ThreadDomain41 { public ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock(); public void testMethod() { try { lock.lock(); System.out.println("ThreadName = " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + "进入方法！"); System.out.println("是否公平锁？" + lock.isFair()); Thread.sleep(Integer.MAX_VALUE); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } finally { lock.unlock(); } } public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException { final ThreadDomain41 td = new ThreadDomain41(); Runnable runnable = new Runnable() { public void run() { td.testMethod(); } }; Thread[] threads = new Thread[10]; for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) threads[i] = new Thread(runnable); for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) threads[i].start(); Thread.sleep(2000); System.out.println("有" + td.lock.getQueueLength() + "个线程正在等待！"); }}输出结果如下
ThreadName = Thread-1进入方法！是否公平锁？false有9个线程正在等待！
ReentrantLock默认是非公平锁，只有一个线程lock()，9个线程在等待。
hasQueuedThread()和hasQueuedThreads()
hasQueuedThread(Thread thread)查询指定线程是否在等待锁，hasQueuedThreads()查询是否有线程在等待锁。
看个例子
ThreadDomain41类和main方法，和上面例子类似，Thread.sleep(Integer.MAX_VALUE); 让线程不释放锁，Thread.sleep(2000);让第一个线程之后的线程都无法启动。
public class ThreadDomain42 extends ReentrantLock { public void waitMethod() { try { lock(); Thread.sleep(Integer.MAX_VALUE); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } finally { unlock(); } } public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException { final ThreadDomain42 td = new ThreadDomain42(); Runnable runnable = new Runnable() { public void run() { td.waitMethod(); } }; Thread t0 = new Thread(runnable); t0.start(); Thread.sleep(500); Thread t1 = new Thread(runnable); t1.start(); Thread.sleep(500); Thread t2 = new Thread(runnable); t2.start(); Thread.sleep(500); System.out.println("t0 is waiting？" + td.hasQueuedThread(t0)); System.out.println("t1 is waiting？" + td.hasQueuedThread(t1)); System.out.println("t2 is waiting？" + td.hasQueuedThread(t2)); System.out.println("Is any thread waiting？" + td.hasQueuedThreads()); }}输出结果如下
t0 is waiting？falset1 is waiting？truet2 is waiting？trueIs any thread waiting？true
t0线程获得了锁，t0没有释放锁，导致t1,t2等待锁。
isHeldByCurrentThread()和isLocked()
isHeldByCurrentThread()判断锁是否由当前线程持有，isLocked()判断锁是否由任意线程持有。
请看示例
ThreadDomain43类和main方法
public class ThreadDomain43 extends ReentrantLock { public void testMethod() { try { lock(); System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "线程持有了锁！"); System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "线程是否持有锁？" + isHeldByCurrentThread()); System.out.println("是否任意线程持有了锁？" + isLocked()); } finally { unlock(); } } public void testHoldLock() { System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "线程是否持有锁？" + isHeldByCurrentThread()); System.out.println("是否任意线程持有了锁？" + isLocked()); } public static void main(String[] args) { final ThreadDomain43 td = new ThreadDomain43(); Runnable runnable0 = new Runnable() { public void run() { td.testMethod(); } }; Runnable runnable1 = new Runnable() { public void run() { td.testHoldLock(); } }; Thread t0 = new Thread(runnable0); Thread t1 = new Thread(runnable1); t0.start(); t1.start(); }}输出结果如下
Thread-0线程持有了锁！Thread-1线程是否持有锁？falseThread-0线程是否持有锁？true是否任意线程持有了锁？true是否任意线程持有了锁？true
Thread-0线程testMethod方法持有锁，Thread-1线程testHoldLock方法没有lock操作，所以不持有锁。
tryLock()和tryLock(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
tryLock()有加锁的功能，获得了锁且锁没有被另外一个线程持有，此时返回true，否则返回false，可以有效避免死锁。tryLock(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)表示在给定的时间内获得了锁，锁没有被其他线程持有，且不处于中断状态。返回true,否则返回false；
看个例子
public class MyThread39 { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println("开始"); final Lock lock = new ReentrantLock(); new Thread() { @Override public void run() { String tName = Thread.currentThread().getName(); if (lock.tryLock()) { System.out.println(tName + "获取到锁！"); } else { System.out.println(tName + "获取不到锁！"); return; } try { for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { System.out.println(tName + ":" + i); } Thread.sleep(5000); } catch (Exception e) { System.out.println(tName + "出错了！"); } finally { System.out.println(tName + "释放锁！"); lock.unlock(); } } }.start(); new Thread() { @Override public void run() { String tName = Thread.currentThread().getName(); try { if (lock.tryLock(1,TimeUnit.SECONDS)) { System.out.println(tName + "获取到锁！"); } else { System.out.println(tName + "获取不到锁！"); return; } } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } try { for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { System.out.println(tName + ":" + i); } } catch (Exception e) { System.out.println(tName + "出错"); } finally { System.out.println(tName + "释放锁！"); lock.unlock(); } } }.start(); System.out.println("结束"); }}输出结果如下
开始Thread-0获取到锁！Thread-0:0Thread-0:1Thread-0:2Thread-0:3Thread-0:4结束Thread-1获取不到锁！Thread-0释放锁！
Thread-0先获得了锁，且sleep了5秒，导致Thread-1获取不到锁，我们给Thread-1的tryLock设置1秒，一秒内获取不到锁就会返回false。
如果Thread.sleep(0)，那么Thread-0和Thread-1都可以获得锁，园友可以自己试下。
synchronized和ReentrantLock的比较
1.synchronized关键字是语法层面的实现，ReentrantLock要手动lock()和unlock();
2.synchronized是不公平锁，ReentrantLock可以指定是公平锁还是非公平锁；
3.synchronized等待/唤醒机制是随机的，ReentrantLock借助Condition的等待/唤醒机制可以自行选择等待/唤醒；
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